Communities. Related Articles By Lark Gould Travelers heading to Southern California can build a little offbeat style into their stay by hubbing in La Jolla, an easy 2.San Diego. Shares In the U.S. we are witnessing firsthand the new hybrid warfare of the 2.West has yet to find an effective defense.There is, however, one small country that has found a way to deal with this plethora of threats and actually find a way forward.Shares Political correctness, having run roughshod over American universities and institutions, has finally taken hold of the Pentagon the absolute last place in the world it should be.Shares Tis the season to remember Sugar and sweets can be toxic to your health as it more than likely is putting you over your recommended daily limit of sugar.Shares A bill sponsored by Sen.Rand Paul, Kentucky Republican, and Sen.Wasted money on unreliable and slow multihosters LinkSnappy is the only multihost that works.Download from ALL Filehosts as a premium user at incredibly fast speedsRon Wyden, Oregon Democrat, would begin to roll back warrantless encroachments on our international communications privacy authorized by section 7.Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Amendments of 2.Shares The media has remained mostly silent as the centenary of the Bolshevik revolution has come and now gone.After all, the media does not want to appear too biased in their support of their favorite country, the old Soviet Union.Shares It is time to stop the practice of treating human remains as product for profit.Shares Shares Virginias election for state attorney general may not be on many minds outside of the state, but the outcome on Nov.Th Edition David Myers Psychology Everyday' title='8Th Edition David Myers Psychology Everyday' />9789879038413 987903841X El Corazon de Un Verdadero Adorador Experience a Restoration in Worship, LaMar Boschman 9780195984422 0195984420 Oxford Successful Lebone.Shares Corruption in Ukraine is not exactly a fresh news story, but I dont think most people understand the depths of the problem.Shares When Donald Trump was elected, he may not have realized all the tough choices he would have to make as president.Now, he faces his toughest choice yet.He faces an issue that will decide his presidency.He faces an issue that will decide if he has a presidency or if he leaves the office in disgrace.Shares By Frederica Dunn Often described as the Little Paris of Middle Europe, Budapest is famous for its own 1,0.HR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMtbmEuc3NsLWltYWdlcy1hbWF6b24uY29tL2ltYWdlcy9JLzUxTHJvcTY0Wk5MLmpwZw.jpg' alt='8Th Edition David Myers Psychology Everyday' title='8Th Edition David Myers Psychology Everyday' />Remains from both Roman and Turkish occupations can still be seen in the city.Shares Former German Prime Minister Konrad Adenauer was right In view of the fact that God limited the intelligence of man, it seems unfair that he did not also limit his stupidity.Shares The American Cancer Society reported earlier this month that breast cancer death rates declined almost 4.Shares Im speaking of Iryna Savytskaya, an accountant from Ukraine who is currently languishing in a Georgian jail in the Caucasus.Ms. Savytskaya traveled to Georgia on a business trip and was imprisoned apparently at the behest of the Ukrainian government.The detention appears to be a carefully pre arranged operation between the Ukrainian and Georgian officials.Shares Country music star Chris Youngs 2.Voices, is still popular on country station play lists.From his album, The Man I Want To Be, the lyrics resonate with those who grew up learning from family.Shares Recently, I came across the book by Nebraska Sen.Ben Sasse, a first time elected office holder, titled The Vanishing American Adult Our Coming of Age Crisis and How to Rebuild a Culture of Self Reliance.Shares U. S. President Donald Trump announced recently a new American strategy for the countrys longest war Afghanistan.The major change is a shift from the deadlines, used to the detriment of American national security by the Obama administration, to a focus on conditions.Shares By Lark Gould The MGM National Harbor looks across the Potomac River from its perch on prime land in Prince Georges County, Maryland, and knows it is just the beginning of a long and fruitful friendship with the nations capital.Shares La. Berge writes Its time for Christians to get back into the conversation, not so we can give people a piece of our mind but so they might have the peace of the mind of Christ.Shares. Cognitive Errors, Wishful Thinking and Sacred Truths.We all suffer from systematic thinking errors.Some of the most common errors are the misperception of random events as evidence that backs up our beliefs, the habitual overlooking of contradictory data, our expectations and current beliefs actively changing our memories and our perceptions and using assumptions to fill in unknown information.These occur naturally and subconsciously even when we are trying to be truthful and honest.Many of these errors arise because our brains are highly efficient rather than accurate and we are applying evolutionarily developed cognitive rules of thumb to the complexities of life.We will fly into defensive and heated arguments at the mere suggestion that our memory is faulty, and yet memory is infamously unreliable and prone to subconscious inventions.They say few things are more dangerous to critical thinking than to take perception and memory at face value6.We were never meant to be the cool, rational and logical computers that we pretend to be.Unfortunately, and we find it hard to admit this to ourselves, many of our beliefs are held because theyre comforting or simple.In an overwhelming world, simplicity lets us get a grip.Human thinking errors can lead individuals, or whole communities, to come to explain types of events and experiences in fantastical ways.Before we can guard comprehensively against such cumulative errors, we need to learn the ways in which our brains can misguide us lack of knowledge of these sources of confusion lead many astray.Learning to think skeptically and carefully and to recognize that our very experiences and perceptions can be coloured by societal and subconscious factors should help us to maintain impartiality.Beliefs should not be taken lightly, and evidence should be cross checked.This especially applies to common sense facts that we learn from others by word of mouth and to traditional knowledge.Above all, however, our most important tool is knowing what types of cognitive errors we, as a species, are prone to making.Cognitive and Internal Errors.Many errors in thinking do not come from the fact that we dont know enough.Sometimes, we do.But most the time our brains fill in the gaps, and unfortunately the way our brains put together partial evidence results in potentially false conclusions.These systematic problems with the way we think are called cognitive errors, and they occur below the level of consciousness.Much research has been done in this area, and continues.The research is painting a broad new understanding of how the mind works.Contrary to the conventional notion that people absorb information in a deliberate manner, the studies show that the brain uses subconscious rules of thumb that can bias it into thinking that false information is true9.These cognitive errors and rules of thumb are discussed on this page.Thomas Gilovich published a book concentrating on the subtle mistakes made in everyday thinking, and introduces the subject like this People do not hold questionable beliefs simply because they have not been exposed to the relevant evidence.They derive primarily from the misapplication or overutilization of generally valid and effective strategies for knowing.Many have purely cognitive origins, and can be traced to imperfections in our capacities to process information and draw conclusions.They are the products, not of irrationality, but of flawed rationality.How We Know What Isnt So The Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday LifeThomas Gilovich 1.Research psychologists have for a long time explored the minds impressive capacity for processing information.We have an enormous capacity for automatic, efficient, intuitive thinking.Our cognitive efficiency, though generally adaptive, comes at the price of occasional error.Since we are generally unaware of these errors entering our thinking, it can pay us to identify ways in which we form and sustain false beliefs.Social Psychology by David Myers 1.The cognitive process of seeing patterns and drawing conclusions from random patterns and ambiguous data is called pareidolia.It is a highly common thinking error1.A part of our brain, the fusiform face area, actively looks for any shapes, lines or features that might possibly be a human face.It does so devoid of context, and reports with urgency and confidence when it thinks it has results.Thats why most pareidolia is involved with the perception of human forms in messy visual data.It explains why some people see a face on Mars or the man in the moon.Mother Teresa in a cinnamon bun, or the Virgin Mary in the bark of a tree1.Auditory pareidolia is responsible for the way that all of sometimes mistake a whistling breeze for a whispering human voice.When people listen with expectation of hearing a voice they will hear spoken words in pure noise.We often misperceive random events in a way that supports our own already existing beliefs or hunches.Some patterns seem and feel so natural and real that it goes against common sense to deny them.But against all expectations and against our judgements, many perceived objects turn out to be illusions.Psychologist Jonah Lehrer says the world is more random than we can imagine.Thats what our emotions cant understand1.The tendency for people to see more order in nature than there is was noted as long ago as the thirteenth century by Roger Bacon he called such errors due to human nature the idols of the tribe1.To study pareidolia sociologists have presented true sets of random results and analysed subjects responses to them.Coin flips, dice throws and card deals have all revealed that we are naturally prone to spotting non random trends exist when in fact they dont.Pareidolia results in superstitions, magical thinking, ghost and alien sightings, Bible codes, pseudo science and beliefs in all kinds of religious, nonsensical and magical things.Pareidolia Seeing False Patterns in Random Data Faces in Toast, Bible Codes and Conspiracy Theories by Vexen Crabtree 2.It is the peculiar and perpetual error of the human understanding to be more moved and excited by affirmatives than negatives.Francis Bacon 1. Selection Bias is the result of poor sampling techniques.It includes confirmation bias which is the unfortunate way in which us Humans tend to notice evidence that supports our ideas and we tend to ignore evidence that contradictions it.We are all pretty hard working when it comes to finding arguments that support us, and when we find opposing views, we work hard to discredit them. Street Fighter Ii Champion Edition Pc Engine Roms . But we dont work hard to discredit those who agree with us.In other words, we work at undermining sources of information that sit uncomfortably with what we believe, and we idly accept those who agree with us.All of this is predictable enough for an individual, but another form of Selection Bias occurs in mass media publications too.Cheap tabloid newspapers publish every report that shows foreigners in a bad light, or shows that crime is bad, or that something or other is eroding proper morality.And they mostly avoid any reports that say the opposite, because such assuring results do not sell as well.Newspapers as a whole simply never report anything boring therefore they constantly support world views that are divorced from everyday reality.Sometimes commercial interests skew the evidence that we are exposed to drugs companies conduct many pseudo scientific trials of their products but their choice of what to publish is manipulative studies in 2.Interested companies just have to keep paying for studies to be done, waiting for a misleading positive result, and then publish it and make it the basis of an advertising campaign.The public have few resources to overcome this kind of orchestrated Selection Bias.Rational. Wiki uses mentions that a website devoted to preventing harassment of women unsurprisingly concluded that nearly all women were victims of harassment at some point2.And another example a statistic that is most famous for being wrong, is that one in ten males is homosexual.This was based on a poll done on the community surrounding a gay friendly publication the sample of respondents was skewed away from the true average, hence, misleading data was observed.
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